The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977 is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States. SMCRA created two programs: one for reclaiming abandoned mine lands and a second for regulating active coal mines. To learn about these programs, read the full text of the ...
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This study provides a systematic solution and process for monitoring the disturbance and reclamation of surface coal mining in a large range with little known about the mines' location. It can effectively identify the mining disturbance and reclamation process which can also be extended to other areas, providing a quantitative assessment of ...
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The adequacy of bonds made by coal operators to fund reclamation after mines are closed. "People living near mine sites have dealt with landslides, toxic water, and harmful water runoff issues," said Rebecca Shelton, Director of Policy for Appalachian Citizens' Law Center. "Citizenled groups have been scrambling to research the scope ...
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Mine land reclamation is the process of developing and utilizing land that has been damaged and abandoned by mining, reflecting the effectiveness of environmental protection. ... Some mediumscale coal mine pilot units have made further progress in green mine construction due to the investment of a large number of human, material, and financial ...
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Abstract. This paper is devoted to the restoration of vegetation around mining areas on the example of two landreclamation zones in the Borodinsky coal mine during springsummer of . Analysis of vegetation in this area has shown that indicators of spontaneous plant diversity in plots No. 1 and No. 2 were considered moderate in both ...
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For these companies, the reclamation process goes handinhand with the mining itself; as new mines are carved out, old soil and grass goes back into exhausted mines to build back the land.
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In openpit mining, the process of disturbing the surface includes stripping of overlying strata, coalseam mining, solid backfilling, return of top soil, and reclamation. The study area consisted of the Shengli Coalfield, which is located in Zhenglanqi, to the northwest of Xilingol City, in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (43°54′15 ...
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KJZZ. Mining infrastructure remains on the site of the Kayenta Coal Mine two years after it closed. The largest private coal company in the world, Peabody Energy, started mining here in the 1960s. Its lease areas for two adjacent mines, Black Mesa and Kayenta, cover about 100 square miles of Navajo and Hopi land.
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mines, the process of coal mining will artificially form dumps, gangues, and open pits, etc.[4] If mining is not ... providing guidance for mine reclamation projects. Experts and scholars at home and abroad have conducted targeted research on the issues of subsidence areas, fly ash yards, barrows, contaminated soil and water in openpit ...
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The operation plan sets forth a process by which coal will be mined and all the requirements of the reclamation plan are implemented. Unlike any other type of mining reclamation, coal mine reclamation is contemporaneous with the removal of coal. There are strict provisions that limit the amount of disturbance without corresponding reclamation.
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Underground Mining. Typical underground mining operations begin either by clearing a section along the hillside where the coal outcrops or by tunneling downward to reach subsurface coal (Skousen and Zipper, 2021).Roomandpillar mines progress by excavating linear channels into the coal seam and connecting the channels with rooms while leaving pillars of coal behind to support the ...
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 (signed into law on January 1, 1970) establishes a basic framework for environmental protection in the United States. The overall purpose of NEPA is to ensure that federal agencies evaluate the potential environmental impacts of their actions and consider the consequences when determining ...
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Title IV of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) created the AML Fund, which is funded primarily by a reclamation fee (also known as the AML fee) assessed on each ton of coal produced in the United States and that, among other things, provides funding to eligible States and Tribes for the reclamation of coal mining ...
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Sludge was added to reconstructed mine substrates (RMS) to accelerate the reclamation process. The effect of sludge on plant growth, microbial activity, soil aggregate stability, and...
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Lands disturbed by coal mining must be restored to a condition that can support the uses it could support before mining (or even make the land better). In the closeup images, the mined land seems to move over time. As the mining and beginnings of the reclamation process take place, we can see the digging and backfilling occurring.
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Coal mine site reclamation February 2013 Report number: CCC/216 Authors: Lesley Sloss IEA Clean Coal Centre Abstract and Figures Coal mine sites can have significant effects on local...
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The Surface Coal Mining Land Conservation and Reclamation Act was passed on June 1, 1980, to be implemented with adoption of the permanent regulatory program. In May 1982, the Secretary of the Department of the Interior approved the Illinois program, thus implementing the permanent regulatory program for surface coal mining and reclamation in ...
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Reclamation. Technical Services. The Technical Services Section provides technical assistance to all other Division sections but primary work effort is directed at active mines. Their main responsibility is reviewing the technical aspects of permit applications. Staff provide field advice on technical mining issues and frequently meet with coal ...
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With the total reclaimed area being km 2, the reclamation rate is about %. This study provides a systematic solution and process for monitoring the disturbance and reclamation of surface coal mining in a large range with little known about the mines' location.
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During mine development, the operator will determine whether mining will allow for reclamation of areas where mining is completed concurrent with ongoing mining in adjacent areas. Reclamation efforts, including, but not limited to, backfilling, grading, topsoil replacement and revegetation of all land that is disturbed by surface coal mining ...
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Mine reclamation is restoring a mine site to its premining condition. It includes capping and sealing contaminated areas, planting vegetation, salvaging usable materials, and reclaiming land affected by mining activity. The first step in the reclamation process is to locate and secure the mine site, followed by submitting an environmental ...
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Figure A typical coal mine reclamation process includes filling in the pit after coal removal (top), recontouring to fit the adjacent landscape (middle), and then seeding with desired plant species (bottom). Photographs courtesy of M. Anne Naeth, licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license.
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authority to issue and enforce coal mining and reclamation permits. No tribe has established a regulatory program under Title V. OSMRE, in coordination with tribes, regulates coal mining on tribal lands. SMCRA requires coal mining operators regulated under Title V to provide a financial assurance, or performance bond, to the regulatory authority.
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Mine Subsidence. Reclamation Process. When subsidence reports are received, staff will investigate the problem to determine if it was caused by an abandoned coal mine. Other potential causes of subsidence include rotting tree roots, water impoundment and drainage issues, broken utility lines, and improper preparation of building sites.
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It is a significant order as abandoning of mines or improper land reclamation following mine closure has been a regular complaint of environmentalist and activists. ... (201819) regarding land restoration and reclamation of 52 opencast coal mines projects of Coal India Limited (CIL), the total mine leasehold area is square kilometres ...
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A proposal in Congress last year would have provided 385 million a year for a decade in general tax dollars to reclaim new mines that coal companies, bonds and reclamation funds were supposed to ...
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Coal Authority. Mine water is a plentiful source of heat, warmed by geological processes below ground (Credit: Coal Authority) A quarter of the UK's homes sit above abandoned coal mines, long ...
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The reclamation process for all surface mining—including coal, bentonite, and trona—is very similar. When mining begins, the top soil—the top layer of fertile soil in which plants grow—is removed and saved for later use. The overburden—the soil that covers the mineral—is also removed and saved. Once mining operations are finished ...
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Are blasting activities regulated at coal mines? Yes, the Land Reclamation Program regulates several aspects of the use of explosives at coal mines. These are. ... As of June 30, 2006, there were two operating coal mines and five in the process of reclaiming, along with eight that had their permits revoked and the Land Reclamation Program is ...
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What is Mine Reclamation? Reclamation is the combined process by which adverse environmental effects of surface mining are minimized and mined lands are returned to a beneficial end use. End uses may be open space, wildlife habitat, agriculture, or residential and commercial development. Some components of reclamation include practices that ...
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The 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires coal companies to clean up damage as they mine. When mining is over, the land must be put back to "a condition capable of supporting the uses which it was capable of supporting prior to any mining." That's not how it generally works in practice.
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Acid mine drainage is the most severe and wellrecognized environmental problem related to coal mining and can impact surface waters, including lakes, ponds, creeks, and even entire watersheds. AMD is water typically with a pH less than 4 that drains from mine workings and from mine spoils, and coal refuse (called acid rock drainage).
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Mine Subsidence. Reclamation Process. When subsidence reports are received, staff will investigate the problem to determine if it was caused by an abandoned coal mine. Other potential causes of subsidence include rotting tree roots, water impoundment and drainage issues, broken utility lines, and improper preparation of building sites.
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But as the sun sets on America's coal mining era, new reclamation projects are taking root, transforming scarred lands and contaminated waters into productive resources while creating jobs —...
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A material supplier from Belgium would like to produce limestone powder for his custome...
India is rich in various mineral resources and it is an important mineral processing market
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